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Distribution of dense breasts using screening mammography in Korean women: a retrospective observational study
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Jong-Myon Bae, Sang Yop Shin, Eun Hee Kim, Yoon-Nam Kim, Chung Mo Nam
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Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014027. Published online November 4, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014027
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This retrospective observational study evaluated the distribution of dense breasts by age group among healthy Korean women.
METHODS Participants were women aged 30 years and older who voluntarily underwent screening mammography between January 2007 and December 2011. Women who received the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System for mammographic density of 3 or 4 were defined as having dense breasts. The proportion of women with dense breasts (PDB, %) was calculated by dividing the number of participants with dense breasts by the total number of participants.
RESULTS Among the 231,058 women who participated, 78.15% were classified as having dense breasts. PDB was highest in the youngest age group (PDB=94.87%) and lowest in the oldest age group. The greatest difference in PDB between adjacent age groups was observed in the group aged 60-64 years.
CONCLUSIONS The results show that the proportion of dense breasts by age group increased in all age groups, except in those aged 35-39 years. These findings suggest an association between the age distribution of dense breasts and trends in breast cancer incidence. Further studies are needed to estimate the change in breast cancer incidence rate by age and the accumulation of fatty breast tissue in Korean women.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - Development and validation of nomograms using photoacoustic imaging and 2D ultrasound to predict breast nodule benignity and malignancy
Jing Chen, Zhibin Huang, Hui Luo, Guoqiu Li, Zhimin Ding, Hongtian Tian, Shuzhen Tang, Sijie Mo, Jinfeng Xu, Huaiyu Wu, Fajin Dong
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Recent advances of small extracellular vesicle biomarkers in breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis
Yujin Lee, Jie Ni, Julia Beretov, Valerie C. Wasinger, Peter Graham, Yong Li
Molecular Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Comparison of ultrasound and mammography for early diagnosis of breast cancer among Chinese women with suspected breast lesions: A prospective trial
Yingjiao Wang, Yuechong Li, Yu Song, Chang Chen, Zhe Wang, Linrong Li, Mohan Liu, Guanmo Liu, Yali Xu, Yidong Zhou, Qiang Sun, Songjie Shen
Thoracic Cancer.2022; 13(22): 3145. CrossRef - A multicenter, hospital-based and non-inferiority study for diagnostic efficacy of automated whole breast ultrasound for breast cancer in China
Yujing Xin, Xinyuan Zhang, Yi Yang, Yi Chen, Yanan Wang, Xiang Zhou, Youlin Qiao
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - A deep learning-based automated diagnostic system for classifying mammographic lesions
Takeshi Yamaguchi, Kenichi Inoue, Hiroko Tsunoda, Takayoshi Uematsu, Norimitsu Shinohara, Hirofumi Mukai
Medicine.2020; 99(27): e20977. CrossRef - The effect of sex hormones on normal breast tissue metabolism
Yongsik Jung, Tae Hee Kim, Ji Young Kim, Sehwan Han, Young-Sil An
Medicine.2019; 98(27): e16306. CrossRef - Effect of Different Types of Mammography Equipment on Screening Outcomes: A Report by the Alliance for Breast Cancer Screening in Korea
Bo Hwa Choi, Eun Hye Lee, Jae Kwan Jun, Keum Won Kim, Young Mi Park, Hye-Won Kim, You Me Kim, Dong Rock Shin, Hyo Soon Lim, Jeong Seon Park, Hye Jung Kim
Korean Journal of Radiology.2019; 20(12): 1638. CrossRef - Portable impulse-radar detector for breast cancer: a pilot study
Shinsuke Sasada, Norio Masumoto, Hang Song, Keiko Kajitani, Akiko Emi, Takayuki Kadoya
Journal of Medical Imaging.2018; 5(02): 1. CrossRef - Effect of mammography screening on stage at breast cancer diagnosis: results from the Korea National Cancer Screening Program
Kui Son Choi, Minjoo Yoon, Seung Hoon Song, Mina Suh, Boyoung Park, Kyu Won Jung, Jae Kwan Jun
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Sensitivity and specificity of mammography and adjunctive ultrasonography to screen for breast cancer in the Japan Strategic Anti-cancer Randomized Trial (J-START): a randomised controlled trial
Noriaki Ohuchi, Akihiko Suzuki, Tomotaka Sobue, Masaaki Kawai, Seiichiro Yamamoto, Ying-Fang Zheng, Yoko Narikawa Shiono, Hiroshi Saito, Shinichi Kuriyama, Eriko Tohno, Tokiko Endo, Akira Fukao, Ichiro Tsuji, Takuhiro Yamaguchi, Yasuo Ohashi, Mamoru Fukud
The Lancet.2016; 387(10016): 341. CrossRef - Retrospective observation on contribution and limitations of screening for breast cancer with mammography in Korea: detection rate of breast cancer and incidence rate of interval cancer of the breast
Kunsei Lee, Hyeongsu Kim, Jung Hyun Lee, Hyoseon Jeong, Soon Ae Shin, Taehwa Han, Young Lan Seo, Youngbum Yoo, Sang Eun Nam, Jong Heon Park, Yoo Mi Park
BMC Women's Health.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Breast Density and Risk of Breast Cancer in Asian Women: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2016; 49(6): 367. CrossRef
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Incident Hypertension in the Prehypertensive Population
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Soo Jeong Kim, Jakyoung Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Chung Mo Nam, Kihong Chun, Il Soo Park, Soon Young Lee
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Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010003. Published online May 1, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010003
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<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors on progression from prehypertension (PreHTN) to hypertension (HTN) using an 8-yr prospective Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS) by the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) in Korea.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>A total of 16,229 subjects, aged 30 to 54, with new onset preHTN at baseline (1994-1996) in a biennial national medical exam were selected and followed up till 2004 at 2-yr intervals. All subjects underwent a biennial health examination including biochemical measurements and behavior. The log-rank test was performed to assess the relationship between changes in CVD risk factors and progression to HTN. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify factors influencing progression to HTN.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>With regards the progression rate in men, ex-smokers (42.9%), abstainers (37.5%), and regular exercisers (37.6%) showed a slower progression rate than continuous smokers (49.5%) and continuous drinkers (50.9%). In women, those who participated in regular exercise (22.6%) had a lower rate of progression than continuous non-exercisers (36.1%). According to the results of the Cox proportional hazard model, improvements in smoking (hazard ratio [HR], 0.756), drinking (HR, 0.669), regular exercise (HR, 0.653), body mass index (HR, 0.715), and total cholesterol (HR, 0.788) played a protective role in progression to HTN in men, while in women, participating in regular exercise (HR, 0.534) was beneficial.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Improvements in CVD-related behaviors diminished the progression rate of HTN. This study suggests that individuals with PreHTN should be targeted for specific health behavioral intervention to prevent the progression of HTN.</p></sec>
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Summary
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Citations
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Suji Choi, Jungmin Park, Hyein Jung, Jiwon Jeong, Kyungjoon Lim, Sangah Shin
Nutrition Research and Practice.2024; 18(2): 282. CrossRef - Mixed effects logistic regression analysis of blood pressure among Ghanaians and associated risk factors
Abdul-Karim Iddrisu, Ishmael Besing Karadaar, Joseph Gurah Junior, Bismark Ansu, Damoah-Asante Ernest
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Assessing body mass index stages, individual diabetes and hypertension history effects on the risk of developing hypertension among Ghanaians: A cross‐sectional study
Abdul‐Karim Iddrisu, Mohammed Adam
Health Science Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension and pre-hypertension among the adult population: findings from the Dubai Household Survey, 2019
Heba Mamdouh, Wafa K. Alnakhi, Hamid Y. Hussain, Gamal M. Ibrahim, Amal Hussein, Ibrahim Mahmoud, Fatheya Alawadi, Mohamed Hassanein, Mona Abdullatif, Kadhim AlAbady, Sabya Farooq, Nabil Sulaiman
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Pre-Hypertension and Its Determinants in Healthy Young Adults: Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII
Insil Jang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 9144. CrossRef - Precision Medicine and Cardiovascular Health: Insights from Mendelian Randomization Analyses
Wes Spiller, Keum Ji Jung, Ji-Young Lee, Sun Ha Jee
Korean Circulation Journal.2020; 50(2): 91. CrossRef - Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity in hypertension
Jessica Gambardella, Marco Bruno Morelli, Xu‐Jun Wang, Gaetano Santulli
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2020; 22(2): 291. CrossRef - Incidence and risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension: a 12-year Korean Cohort Study
Eun Sun Yu, Kwan Hong, Byung Chul Chun
Journal of Hypertension.2020; 38(9): 1755. CrossRef - Excessive physical activity duration may be a risk factor for hypertension in young and middle-aged populations
Zhongkai Zhu, Tianyu Feng, Yi Huang, Xinglan Liu, Han Lei, Ge Li, Dan Deng, Nan Zhang, Wei Huang
Medicine.2019; 98(18): e15378. CrossRef - 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension: part I-epidemiology of hypertension
Hyeon Chang Kim, Sang-Hyun Ihm, Gheun-Ho Kim, Ju Han Kim, Kwang-il Kim, Hae-Young Lee, Jang Hoon Lee, Jong-Moo Park, Sungha Park, Wook Bum Pyun, Jinho Shin, Shung Chull Chae
Clinical Hypertension.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Grape Seed Extract Supplementation Attenuates the Blood Pressure Response to Exercise in Prehypertensive Men
Jong-Kyung Kim, Kyung-Ae Kim, Hyun-Min Choi, Seung-Kook Park, Charles L. Stebbins
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N Franceschini, R C Fry, P Balakrishnan, A Navas-Acien, C Oliver-Williams, A G Howard, S A Cole, K Haack, E M Lange, B V Howard, L G Best, K A Francesconi, W Goessler, J G Umans, M Tellez-Plaza
Journal of Human Hypertension.2017; 31(3): 225. CrossRef - Prevalence of prehypertension and associated risk factors among Chinese adults from a large-scale multi-ethnic population survey
Tao Xu, Junting Liu, Guangjin Zhu, Junxiu Liu, Shaomei Han
BMC Public Health.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Endothelium-dependent vasodilation effects of Panax notoginseng and its main components are mediated by nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways
Yanyan Wang, Yu Ren, Leilei Xing, Xiangdong Dai, Sheng Liu, Bin Yu, Yi Wang
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2016; 12(6): 3998. CrossRef - 2013 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension: part I–epidemiology and diagnosis of hypertension
Jinho Shin, Jeong Bae Park, Kwang-il Kim, Ju Han Kim, Dong Heon Yang, Wook Bum Pyun, Young Gweon Kim, Gheun-Ho Kim, Shung Chull Chae
Clinical Hypertension.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - The Korean Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in 2013: Its Essentials and Key Points
Hae-Young Lee, Jeong Bae Park
Pulse.2015; 3(1): 21. CrossRef - Molecular Docking Simulations Provide Insights in the Substrate Binding Sites and Possible Substrates of the ABCC6 Transporter
Mohammad Jakir Hosen, Abdullah Zubaer, Simrika Thapa, Bijendra Khadka, Anne De Paepe, Olivier M. Vanakker, Anthony George
PLoS ONE.2014; 9(7): e102779. CrossRef - Physical Activity and the Prevention of Hypertension
Keith M. Diaz, Daichi Shimbo
Current Hypertension Reports.2013; 15(6): 659. CrossRef - Sympathovagal Imbalance in Young Prehypertensives: Importance of Male-Female Difference
Gopal Krushna Pal, Pravati Pal, Venugopal Lalitha, Tarun Kumar Dutta, Chandrasekaran Adithan, Nivedita Nanda
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2013; 345(1): 10. CrossRef
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Green Tea Consumption and Stomach Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis
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Hyunseok Kang, Sun Young Rha, Kyung Won Oh, Chung Mo Nam
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Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010001. Published online April 26, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010001
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Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>Green tea has been suggested to have a chemopreventive effect against various cancers including stomach cancer. The aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between green tea consumption and stomach cancer risk by meta-analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>Eighteen observational studies were identified using MEDLINE, THE COCHRANE LIBRARY, RISS, and a manual search. Summary relative risks/odds ratios (RR/ORs) for the highest versus non/lowest green tea consumption levels were calculated on the basis of fixed and random effect models. Subgroup analyses were used to examine heterogeneity across the studies.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The combined results indicate a reduced risk of stomach cancer with intake of green tea (RR/OR=0.86, 95% CI=0.74-1.00). Subgroup analysis with six studies that reported differences between the highest and lowest consumption levels equal to or greater than five cups/day revealed a statistically significant protective effect (RR/OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.53-0.87).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Green tea appears to play a protective role against the development of stomach cancer. The results also suggest that a higher level of green tea consumption might be needed for a clear preventive effect to appear. This conclusion, however, should be interpreted with caution because various biases can affect the results of a meta-analysis.</p></sec>
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Association between green tea intake and digestive system cancer risk in European and East Asian populations: a Mendelian randomization study
Duorui Nie, Xiaoyu He, Hao Zheng, Deyu Deng, Fanghui He, Ruyi Li, Xiaoting Ni, Shunxiang Li, Fei Xu
European Journal of Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Sex differences in the benefit of tea consumption: A critical summation of the epidemiological evidence
Changhuai He, Pin Ye, Xuecheng Zhang, Yiqing Li, Qingping Li, Ping Lü, Chuanqi Cai, Xun Cai
Food Bioscience.2024; 58: 103716. CrossRef - In situ global proteomics profiling of EGCG targets using a cell-permeable and Click-able bioorthogonal probe
Revathy Sahadevan, Anupama Binoy, Sai K. Vechalapu, Pandurangan Nanjan, Sushabhan Sadhukhan
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2023; 237: 123991. CrossRef - Pancreatic cancer risk: alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages
Irina N. Grigor’eva
Terapevticheskii arkhiv.2022; 94(2): 265. CrossRef - Diet and gastric cancer risk: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies
Shu-Jun Liu, Pi-Di Huang, Jia-Min Xu, Qian Li, Jian-Hui Xie, Wen-Zhen Wu, Chen-Tong Wang, Xiao-Bo Yang
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2022; 148(8): 1855. CrossRef - Anticarcinogenic potentials of tea catechins
Xiao-Xiang Li, Chang Liu, Shu-Ling Dong, Can-Song Ou, Jian-Liang Lu, Jian-Hui Ye, Yue-Rong Liang, Xin-Qiang Zheng
Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Green tea and cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a review of the current epidemiological evidence
Sarah Krull Abe, Manami Inoue
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Niladri Bag, Arundhati Bag
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Nutrients.2019; 11(6): 1426. CrossRef - The Cytoprotective Role of Antioxidants in Mammalian Cells Under Rapidly Varying UV Conditions During Stratospheric Balloon Campaign
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Frontiers in Pharmacology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Mechanisms of Phytonutrient Modulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Inflammation Related to Cancer
Shreena J. Desai, Ben Prickril, Avraham Rasooly
Nutrition and Cancer.2018; 70(3): 350. CrossRef - Green Tea Consumption and the Risk of Liver Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Chen-Xu Ni, Hong Gong, Ying Liu, Yang Qi, Chun-Lei Jiang, Jun-Ping Zhang
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Yuetong Chen, Yuan Wu, Mulong Du, Haiyan Chu, Lingjun Zhu, Na Tong, Zhengdong Zhang, Meilin Wang, Dongying Gu, Jinfei Chen
Oncotarget.2017; 8(23): 37367. CrossRef - Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanodelivery Systems for Cancer Therapy
Andreia Granja, Marina Pinheiro, Salette Reis
Nutrients.2016; 8(5): 307. CrossRef - Total, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea intake and gastric cancer risk: Results from the EPIC cohort study
Harinakshi Sanikini, Vincent K. Dik, Peter D. Siersema, Nirmala Bhoo‐Pathy, Cuno S.P.M. Uiterwaal, Petra H.M. Peeters, Carlos A. González, Raul Zamora‐Ros, Kim Overvad, Anne Tjønneland, Nina Roswall, Marie‐Christine Boutron‐Ruault, Guy Fagherazzi, Antoine
International Journal of Cancer.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: an updated meta-analysis
Cai-Yun Hu, Zhen-Zhong Qian, Feng-Feng Gong, Shan-Shan Lu, Fang Feng, Yi-Le Wu, Hui-Yun Yang, Ye-Huan Sun
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Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2014; 15(20): 8765. CrossRef - Green Tea Consumption and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-analysis
Jin-Long Zeng, Zhi-Hua Li, Zhi-Chao Wang, Hai-Liang Zhang
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Yoichi Fukushima, Takeshi Tashiro, Akiko Kumagai, Hiroyuki Ohyanagi, Takumi Horiuchi, Kazuhiro Takizawa, Norie Sugihara, Yoshimi Kishimoto, Chie Taguchi, Mariko Tani, Kazuo Kondo
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Yasuo SUZUKI, Noriyuki MIYOSHI, Mamoru ISEMURA
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Sarah Nechuta, Xiao-Ou Shu, Hong-Lan Li, Gong Yang, Bu-Tian Ji, Yong-Bing Xiang, Hui Cai, Wong-Ho Chow, Yu-Tang Gao, Wei Zheng
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Epidemiology and Health.2010; 32: e2010012. CrossRef
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Framingham Equation Model Overestimates Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Korean Men and Women.
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Kyung A Ahn, Ji Eun Yun, Eo Rin Cho, Chung Mo Nam, Yangsu Jang, Sun Ha Jee
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Korean J Epidemiol. 2006;28(2):162-170.
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BACKGROUND
The prediction of the absolute risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) is commonly based on the risk prediction equations, originated from the Framingham Heart Study.METHOD Framingham equation model was applied to participants from 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) to estimate the 5 year risk of IHD among Koreans ranging from 30 to 74 year-olds. The estimated risks were compared to the incidence and admission rates from two statistical reports among Koreans. Five year admission rate was estimated by the annual report from National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC).RESULTS The average ages (standard deviation) were 34.31(27.23) year-old for KNHNES and 48.26(12.87) year-old for Framingham population used in this study. The risk of IHD predicted by the Framingham equation model substantially exceeded the risks actually reported in Korea. Five-year predicted risks by Framingham equation model were 4.86% for men and 1.93% for women; whereas from incidence data in Korea, five-year risks for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were for 0.47% for men and 0.18% for women. These AMI incidence was similar to the admission rate (0.34 for men and 0.15 for women) estimated by NHIC. Also, 5-year admission rate of IHD were 1.16 for men and 0.78 for women.
The magnitude of risk overestimation by Framingham mode is approximately at least 150 to 320%.CONCLUSION Korean guidelines for the management for high risk group of IHD need to develop and correct for overestimation to avoid inflation of costs in primary prevention.
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Heritability and segregation analysis of the level of HDL-cholesterol.
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Ji Eun Yun, Chung Mo Nam, Il Suh, Sun Ha Jee
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Korean J Epidemiol. 2004;26(2):43-53.
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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the familial correlation and heritability in HDL cholesterol through segregation analysis.METHODS This study, based on data from 11,117 Korean individuals ascertained pedigrees who had participated in 1998 and 2001 Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects of segregation analysis were 4,688 Korean who had more than five members in their family.RESULTS Serum lipid levels revealed strong familial correlation among spouses, parent-offspring and siblings with low correlation of spouse. The heritability of HDL cholesterol was 54.8% after controlling for age, age2, gender, agexgender, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise and education. Two models of inheritance, the Mendelian dominant model and the Mendelian codominant model were found in HDL cholesterol. In the codominant model, the predicted HDL-cholesterol for genotype AA, AB, and BB were 44.96, 49.13, and 69.67 mg/dl, respectively.
However the Mendelian codominant model only was found in high risk families.CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, randomly ascertained Korean families of this study showed strong familial aggregation in HDL cholesterol. The results suggested that the variations in HDL cholesterol may be influencing by major effect of gene.
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Development of the Individualized Health Risk Appraisal Model of Breast Cancer Risk in Korean Women.
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Sun Ha Jee, Ji Won Song, Chung Mo Nam
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Korean J Epidemiol. 2004;26(1):50-58.
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OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to develop a health risk appraisal (HRA) model of breast cancer and to evaluate the model's ability to accurately predict ndividual breast cancer risk.METHOD The sample data were from a prospective cohort study in Korea with a follow-up period of 8 years in Korea (1995-2002). The cohort was composed of 108,708 Korean women, aged 30 to 64 years, who received health insurance from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation and who underwent a medical evaluation in 1994. Between 1995 and 2002 (1,138,349 person-year), there were 772 incident cases of breast cancer (67.8/100,000 person-years). First, we developed the HRA based on the Cox proportional hazard models using a prospective cohort data with half-split data (50% random sample). Second, using Cox proportional hazard models, we compared the probability of breast cancer predicted by the model to the actual number of cases observed in the other 50% of the random sample of the study population.RESULTS The HRA Cox proportional hazard model of breast cancer developed in the study included age, age2, age at menarche, and lactation. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the HRA model validation.
Compared with women in the lowest 10 percentile of subjects, women in the highest 10 percentile had an increased risk of breast cancer (relative risk, 3.701; 95% confidence interval, 2.554 to 5.364).CONCLUSION The model's performance was satisfactory for estimating breast cancer risk for individual women aged 30-64 years.
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A study on Statistical Method for Controlling the Effect of Intermediate Events: Application to the Control of the Healthy Worker Effect.
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Chung Mo Nam, Jinheum Kim, Dae Ryong Kang, Yeon Soon Ahn, Hoo Yeon Lee, Dae Hee Lee
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Korean J Epidemiol. 2002;24(1):7-16.
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PURPOSE
The healthy worker effect is an important issue in occupational epidemiology. This study was conducted to propose a new method to test the relation between exposure and mortality in the presence of the healthy worker effect.METHODS In this study, the healthy worker hire effect was assumed to operate as a confounding variable of health status at the beginning of employment and healthy worker survival effect as a confounding and intermediate variable of employment status. In addition, the proposed method reflects the length bias sampling caused by changing of an employment status. Simulation studies were also carried out to compare the proposed method with Cox's time dependent covariates models .RESULTS The theoretical development of the healthy worker survival effect is based on the result that an observation with change of an employment status requires that the survival time without intermediate event exceeds the waiting time for the intermediate event. According to our simulation studies, both the proposed method and Cox's time dependent covariates model which includes the change of employment status as time dependent covariates seem to be satisfactory at 5% significance level. However, Cox's time dependent covariates models without or with the change of employment status as time fixed covariate are unsatisfactory. The proposed test is superior in power to tests based on Cox's model.CONCLUSIONS The healthy worker effect may not be controlled by classical Cox's proportional hazards models. The proposed method performed well in the presence of healthy worker effect in terms of level and power
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A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors of CHD: Vegetable consumption and risk for CHD in Korean men.
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Kyung Won Oh, Il Suh, Kang Hee lee, Chung Mo Nam, Suk Il Kim, Hyung Gon Kang, Sun Ha Jee, Seung Yun Cho, Won Heum Shim
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1998;20(2):234-245.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of vegetable consumption with the incidence of CHD in Korean men by a case-control study. The case group consisted of 108 patients with EKG-confirmed myocardial infarct or angiographically-confirmed(>or=50% stenosis) angina pectoris admitted to a university teaching hospital in Seoul, Korea.
Controls were 142 age-matched patients admitted to the departments of ophthalmology and orthopedic surgery at the same hospital. Dietary intake was assessed by a nutritionist using a semiquantitative food frequency method, while body mass index (BMI), tobacco use, and past history of cardiovascular disease were determined during an interview and examination. The consumption of vegetables was classified by the average frequency of intake(less than 3 times/week, 3~4 times/week, 5~6 times/week, more than once/day). The percentage of subjects who consumed vegetables less than 3 times per week was 29.6% for cases and 17.6% for controls; while men who consumed vegetavle more than once per day were 16.7% for cases and 32.4% for controls. After the adjustment for age, body mass index, and tobacco use, the odds ratio of men who consumed vegetables at least once per day was 0.38(95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.85) compared with men who consumed vegetables less than three times per week. These results suggested that in a population with a relatively low fat intake, consumption of vegetables at least once per day may reduce the risk of CHD in men.
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A Study on Tracking by Using Random Coefficient Model.
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Hyung Gon Kang, Byung Soo Kim, Chung Mo Nam
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1997;19(1):58-66.
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There are many epidemiologic studies to find the tracking phenomenon. In repeated measurement data, a population is said to have tracking phenomenon with respect to particular chracteristic if, for each individual, the relative rank of observed value maintained over time. Understanding tracking phenomena in epidemiologic study is quite important. If the risk factors of chronic disease have tracking phenomenon, early detection of these risk factors can lead to the possibility of early treatment. In this study, we defined tracking as relative maintenance and proposed new measure of tracking by using random coefficient model. We compared our measure with McMahan's using simulation study. And we applied ours to real data. We may conclude that our new measure of tracking is adequate in explaining and dectecting the tracking phenomenon.
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Effects of Exposure-Confounder Misclassification and Criteria of Model Choice in Ecologic Studies.
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Sun Hee Lee, Chung Mo Nam, Hung Wok Park
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1996;18(2):142-150.
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Ecologic studies are widely used in all fields of public health on account of accesibility of data. However, two problems related to these studies have been brought up. The first is ecological fallacy occurred in the course of interpreting the ecologic level of exposure-disease associations into individual level. The second is exposure isclassification which leads to serious bias. Nevertheless there is few methodologic study dealing joint effects of the two problems in ecologic study. This study was conducted to suggest an ecologic model not having an ecologic fallacy due to model linkage failure and a methodology for correcting the misclassification bias due to exposure-confounder misclassification. Finally, we suggest a criteria for the ecologic model selection. Main results are as follows: 1. A linear ecologic regression model has a serious ecological fallacy due to model linkage failure and the misclassification bias due to the exposure-confounder misclassification. 2. An interaction ecologic regression model has no ecological fallacy due to model linkage failure, but it is affected seriously by the exposure misclassification. However misclassification bias could be removed mathematically if the information related to the misclassification was known. 3. A log-linear ecologic regression model has an ecological fallacy due to model linkage failure. It is seriously biased as the individual risk ratio are increased, but relatively less affected by the exposure misclassification than interaction ecologic regression model. 4. One of the two ecologic regression model-interaction ecologic regression model and log-linear ecologic regression model- would be selected according to the information of individual risk ratio and exposure misclassification. But using a linear ecologic regression model should be avoided in any circumstance. The above results are only valid in case that there is no other source of ecological fallacy except model linkage failure. Also exposure and confounder are independent each other, measured binary, and having nondifferential misclassification. Since the above assumptions are somewhat strong in considering the real situations of ecologic studies, it is necessary to extend the scope of this study.
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A Study on Misclassification Arising from Random Error in Exposure Measurement.
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Il Suh, Chung Mo Nam, Hyung Gon Kang
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1996;18(1):108-118.
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Abstract
There are many epidemiologic studies to find the relationship between disease occurrence and categorized exposure variables which are measured in continuous scales.
Recently, it has been found that the differential misclassification can arise when exposure variables are observed with measurement errors and categorized for the analysis. Even though the differential misclassification leads to serious misclassification bias, there is no theoretical attempt to correct the misclassification bias occuring in these circumstances. In this paper, we propose a new statistical method to reduce the misclassification bias due to dichotomizing continuous exposure variables. Since the exposure values are more likely to be misclassified when the true exposure values are close to the cutoff point, the method proposed here gives smaller weights in these case and more weights when these values are far from cutoff point.
Simulation studies are performed to compare the bias and the power of the proposed method compared to other methods. Main results are as follows: 1. The proposed method produces the smaller bias and the higher power than the simple method which modifies misclassified data using sensitivity and specificity of exposure misclassification. 2. When the standard deviation of the measurement error are moderately large, the bias and the power of the proposed estimate are somewhat better than those of the modified estimate which excluding the misclassified observations in the analysis. In conclusion, the method proposed here is found to be useful in epidemiologic studies when continuous exposure variables are obtained with measurement error and categorized in the analysis.
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A study on statistics used to test the tracking phenomenon of bloodpressure in childhood.
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Chung Mo Nam, Soon Young Lee, Il Suh, Chong Yon Park
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1992;14(2):117-127.
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This study was conducted to investigate the behavior of statistics, correlation analysis and 2X2 contingency table analysis, which were used to test the tracking phenomenon of blood pressure in childhood. Data were randomly generated by Blomqvist's model. The results of this study were as follows；
1. The correlation coefficients and probabilities of remaining in the upper quartile increased by the degree of tracking index θ, and decreased by the degree of within individual variation σe2.
2. The estimates of test statistics at θ=0.1, and σe2=82 were lower than those at θ= 0.0, and σe2=62
The results indicate that within individual variation must be considered to study the tracking phenomenon of blood pressure.
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A study on the nondifferential misclassification-a mathematical approach for correcting the estimates-.
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Chung Mo Nam, Hee Choul Ohrr
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Korean J Epidemiol. ;15(1):85-95.
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This study is conducted to suggest a method for correcting the biased estimates due to nondifferential misclassification of polytomous exposure and confounder. The basic idea for correcting the bias is a rearrangement of misclassified data structure using misclassification probability matrices. We present here a linear relationship between the misclassified and true date.
Simulation studies were also tried to investigate the magnitude and direction of the bias mentioned above. In simulation studies, we focused on the misclassification patterns in three circumstances, misclassification of exposure, misclassification of confounder, and joint misclassification of both exposure and confounding variables. The simulation results show that the direction of exposure or confounder misclassification biases are heavily dependant on the misclassification patterns.
The proposed mehod is applied to an empirical data on the presence of medical utilization and smoking history where corrected odds ratios are examplified considering plausible ranges of misclassification probaility patterns.
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